Native Americans have lived in North America for over 13,000 years. The continued presence and rich diversity of contemporary Native communities in the United States discredits the pervasive myth that there are no more Native Americans.
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Today hundreds of thousands of Native people from more than 500 distinct tribal communities testify to the continued resilience and diversity of Native Americans in America. They speak English, Spanish, Navajo, Ojibwe, and more than 100 other languages. They live in sovereign nations and within the 50 states, on farms, in towns, and in cities. They perform ceremonies, they run businesses, and they go to medical school. They write legislation and they write novels. Many Native people link their survival to their religion, to the pervasive spiritual dimension of their way of life. The vitality of their religious lifeways lies at the heart of Native identity and experience.
For Native American people, these spiritual roots run deep in the history of the land. Though archaeologists disagree over the precise dating of the initial settling of North America, and while many Native traditions maintain that Native communities have always been here, archaeologists agree that the earliest solidly datable evidence—the site of a nomadic camp in what is today Colorado—is 13,000 years old. The Adena and Hopewell cultures of the Ohio River Valley, with their mounds and earthworks, provide evidence of cultures that arose in the first millennium BCE and continued until perhaps 700 CE.
Today’s Native peoples link themselves to a long, rich heritage on this land through ceremonies performed and stories recounted, through herbal healing and sacred foods, and through particular sacred places, such as Eagle Butte in South Dakota or the ceremonial kiva buildings on the plazas of New Mexico’s Pueblo villages.
At the core of America’s frontier myth is the image of “the Vanishing Indian.” Noble, brave, and yet destined to sacrifice both freedom and land for the making of America, the image of the Indian that has captured America’s imagination for centuries is that of “The Last of the Mohicans,” a novel first published in 1826 and then turned into a major motion picture in 1992. Such myths course so deeply in the American imagination that many believe there are no more Native Americans, or at least no more “real Indians.” But the vocal and visible presence of Native Americans in public office, at the head of companies, at the forefront of calls for social justice, and within local communities dispel these colonial myths. Indigenous men and women say plainly that they are here to stay, and that American expansion and American history rests on their stolen land.